3,5,6,7員環からなるPepluanol Aは3員環と5員環をもつ化合物から出発して,Morita−Baylis−Hillman 反応でつなぎ,分子内DAで7員環と6員環を作る経路。一方,3,5,4,7員環からなるPepluacetalは,同じ化合物から出発し,分子内[2+2]光環化で7員環と4員環を作る経路です。必要な炭素数や立体化学をほとんど揃えて,鍵の環化反応をおこなうので,効率がよく,それぞれ12段階,11段階で合成を終えています。保護基の使用も少ないです。(後者の合成で1箇所だけ)
酸素のエン反応で二重結合をアリルアルコールに酸化する際,古典的な触媒は無効で,フォトレドクックス反応で使われるイリジウム触媒を用い,さらに,溶媒のアセトニトリルを重水素化物に変えることにより,変換率を30%から98%に上げています。エン反応でそういう例は過去にもあり,それを参考にしたとのことです。
Pepluanol A consists of 3-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered rings. It is synthesized by starting with compounds containing 3- and 5-membered rings, linking them via the Morita–Baylis–Hillman reaction, and constructing the 7- and 6-membered rings via an intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction. Pepluacetal, which consists of 3-, 5-, 4-, and 7-membered rings, is synthesized using the same starting materials. The 7- and 4-membered rings are constructed via an intramolecular [2+2] photocyclization reaction. Because the necessary number of carbon atoms and stereochemistry are largely prepared before the key cyclization reaction, the process is highly efficient. The syntheses are completed in 12 and 11 steps, respectively. The use of protecting groups is also minimal. (Only one is used in the latter synthesis.)
Classical catalysts are ineffective when oxidizing a double bond to an allyl alcohol via an ene reaction with oxygen. Using an iridium catalyst in a photoredox reaction and replacing the solvent acetonitrile with a deuterated solvent increased the conversion rate from 30% to 98%. The authors note that similar examples of this effect are known in ene reactions.
この種のポリケチドの基本骨格は4つの6員環が縮合した構造で,A環は芳香族で,A,B,C環が直線上に縮環し,C,D環のところで折れ曲がっています。Grisemycinは2つの分子内エーテルがあるためカゴ状分子になっており,酸素を含むビシクロ[2.2.2]オクタン骨格を内蔵しているのが特徴です。筆者らはそのビシクロ系にC環が含まれることに着目し,A環とその他の炭素をすべて含む2つの成分(ジエンとジエノフィル)を合成し,不斉分子間DA反応でまずC環を含むリジッドな化合物を構築しました。その後,分子内フリーデルクラフツ反応でB環,分子内バルビエ反応でD環を構築して,鍵中間体に導いています。最後にE1cB脱離でビシクロ系を解き,チオールの分子間マイケル付加,分子内オキシマイケル反応によるビシクロ系への巻き戻し,官能基の調整をおこなって,最終目的物を得ました。
途中,水酸基の保護基TMSとTIPSが使われていますが,これは保護基というより,立体及び位置選択性を制御するための基で,それを除くと,保護基の使用はゼロです。骨格構築が見事なので,関連化合物の合成にも応用できそうです。
This type of polyketide has a basic skeleton consisting of four fused six-membered rings. Ring A is aromatic and rings A, B and C are fused in a linear configuration with a bend at the junction of rings C and D. Due to the presence of two intramolecular ether bonds, grisemycin forms a cage-like molecule containing an internal bicyclo[2.2.2]octane skeleton with oxygen. The authors synthesised two components (a diene and a dienophile) containing the A ring and all other carbon atoms. They then constructed a rigid compound containing the C ring via an asymmetric intermolecular DA reaction. They then constructed the B ring via an intramolecular Friedel–Crafts reaction and the D ring via an intramolecular Barbier reaction, leading to the key intermediate. Finally, the bicyclic system was opened via E1cB elimination and the final product was obtained through intermolecular Michael addition of a thiol, backing to the bicyclic system via an intramolecular oxy-Michael reaction and functional group modification.
Although the hydroxyl group was protected with TMS and TIPS in the course, they were used to control stereoselectivity and regioselectivity, rather than for the traditional purpose. Excluding these, no other protecting groups were used in this route. Given the excellent framework construction, this approach appears applicable to the synthesis of related compounds as well.
過去の3つの全合成(1978年:岸 [34段階], 1983年:アイルランド[30段階],1993年:堀田,米光[40段階])を上回る効率性(11段階,全収率3.9%)で全合成を達したということです。鍵段階はテトラヒドロフラン環とテトラヒドロピラン環を効率よく結ぶ反応で,シロキシフラン(シリルエノールエーテル)のパイ-アリル錯体に対する位置および立体選択的な付加(C−グルコシル化)を種々検討し,実用的収率と選択性を得ています。さらにフラン環の非環状側鎖物質部分を伸長する際はシリルエノールエーテルとヘミアセタールの反応(C-グリコシル化,TMSOTf触媒)とシリルエノールエーテルとアルデヒドの反応(フェルキンアーン選択的アルドール反応,TiCl4触媒)を利用しており,鍵段階も含め,アルドール反応関連の変換法が駆使されています。
It is reported that a total synthesis was achieved in 11 steps with a total yield of 3.9%, which is more efficient than the three previous total syntheses (1978: Kishi [34 steps]; 1983: Ireland [30 steps]; and 1993: Hotta and Yonemitsu [40 steps]). The key step is the reaction that efficiently links the tetrahydrofuran and tetrahydropyran rings. The researchers investigated various approaches to the regioselective and stereoselective addition (C-glycosylation) of siloxyfuran (silyl enol ether) to a π-allyl complex, achieving practical yields and selectivity. To extend the non-cyclic side chain of the furan ring, the researchers utilised two reactions: silyl enol ethers reacted with hemiacetals in a TMSOTf-catalysed C-glycosylation reaction, and silyl enol ethers reacted with aldehydes in a TiCl₄-catalysed Felkin–Ahn selective aldol reaction. Thus, aldol-related transformations were efficiently exploited, including the key step.
筆者らが開発していた,一級アルコールを基質とする不斉アリル化(2箇所)と不斉クロチル化(2箇所)を4つのフラグメント合成に適用し,ポリケチドマクロリドを初全合成しています。いずれの反応もイリジウムやルテニウム金属上で一級アルコールが酸化されてアルデヒドとなり,キラルな錯体内でアリル基が移動することにより,一挙に不斉2級アルコールが得られるという反応機構です。5モルパーセント程度の使用量で収率,eeとも優れ,イリジウム錯体については,回収,再利用も可能とのことです。アリル基もクロチル基もプロピオン酸基のシントンと考えられますから,キラル補助剤をもつプロピオン酸誘導体やアリル金属のアルデヒドへの不斉付加反応を基本とするポリケチドの合成と同様な戦略で逆合成できることになります。
11箇所で遷移金属触媒反応(2個所はワッカー酸化)を利用したと述べられています。
アリル化クロチル化以外のCC結合生成反応としては,アルドール反応(2箇所),鈴木カップリング(2箇所)の他,C1伸長反応として,ヒドロホルミル化,クロスメタセシス,ホウ素-ウイティヒ反応,ウィティヒ反応が使われています。
In their first total synthesis, the authors applied the asymmetric allylation and crotylation of primary alcohols—transformations they had developed—to the synthesis of four fragments of a polyketide macrolide. In both reactions, the mechanism involves oxidizing a primary alcohol to an aldehyde using iridium or ruthenium metal. Then, the allyl group migrates within a chiral complex, resulting in the formation of an asymmetric secondary alcohol in one pot. Excellent yields and ee values were obtained with a 5 mol% catalyst loading, and the iridium complexes can reportedly be recovered and reused. Since the allyl and crotyl groups can be considered propionic acid synthons, the polyketide can be retrosynthesized using a strategy based on the asymmetric addition of propionic acid derivatives bearing chiral auxiliaries or allyl metals to aldehydes.
The authors state that they utilized transition metal-catalyzed reactions (including two Wacker oxidations) at 11 points.
In addition to allylation and crotylation, other reactions used to form C–C bonds include aldol reactions (at two points) and Suzuki couplings (at two points). Furthermore, four C-1 extension reactions—hydroformylation, cross-metathesis, the boron-Wittig reaction, and the Wittig reaction—were employed.
Pepluanol A and Pepluacetal uploaded
https://www.ohira-sum.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/jacs26-11479.pdf
3,5,6,7員環からなるPepluanol Aは3員環と5員環をもつ化合物から出発して,Morita−Baylis−Hillman 反応でつなぎ,分子内DAで7員環と6員環を作る経路。一方,3,5,4,7員環からなるPepluacetalは,同じ化合物から出発し,分子内[2+2]光環化で7員環と4員環を作る経路です。必要な炭素数や立体化学をほとんど揃えて,鍵の環化反応をおこなうので,効率がよく,それぞれ12段階,11段階で合成を終えています。保護基の使用も少ないです。(後者の合成で1箇所だけ)
酸素のエン反応で二重結合をアリルアルコールに酸化する際,古典的な触媒は無効で,フォトレドクックス反応で使われるイリジウム触媒を用い,さらに,溶媒のアセトニトリルを重水素化物に変えることにより,変換率を30%から98%に上げています。エン反応でそういう例は過去にもあり,それを参考にしたとのことです。
Pepluanol A consists of 3-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered rings. It is synthesized by starting with compounds containing 3- and 5-membered rings, linking them via the Morita–Baylis–Hillman reaction, and constructing the 7- and 6-membered rings via an intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction. Pepluacetal, which consists of 3-, 5-, 4-, and 7-membered rings, is synthesized using the same starting materials. The 7- and 4-membered rings are constructed via an intramolecular [2+2] photocyclization reaction. Because the necessary number of carbon atoms and stereochemistry are largely prepared before the key cyclization reaction, the process is highly efficient. The syntheses are completed in 12 and 11 steps, respectively. The use of protecting groups is also minimal. (Only one is used in the latter synthesis.)
Classical catalysts are ineffective when oxidizing a double bond to an allyl alcohol via an ene reaction with oxygen. Using an iridium catalyst in a photoredox reaction and replacing the solvent acetonitrile with a deuterated solvent increased the conversion rate from 30% to 98%. The authors note that similar examples of this effect are known in ene reactions.
Grisemycin uploaded.
https://www.ohira-sum.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/jacs26-11462.pdf
この種のポリケチドの基本骨格は4つの6員環が縮合した構造で,A環は芳香族で,A,B,C環が直線上に縮環し,C,D環のところで折れ曲がっています。Grisemycinは2つの分子内エーテルがあるためカゴ状分子になっており,酸素を含むビシクロ[2.2.2]オクタン骨格を内蔵しているのが特徴です。筆者らはそのビシクロ系にC環が含まれることに着目し,A環とその他の炭素をすべて含む2つの成分(ジエンとジエノフィル)を合成し,不斉分子間DA反応でまずC環を含むリジッドな化合物を構築しました。その後,分子内フリーデルクラフツ反応でB環,分子内バルビエ反応でD環を構築して,鍵中間体に導いています。最後にE1cB脱離でビシクロ系を解き,チオールの分子間マイケル付加,分子内オキシマイケル反応によるビシクロ系への巻き戻し,官能基の調整をおこなって,最終目的物を得ました。
途中,水酸基の保護基TMSとTIPSが使われていますが,これは保護基というより,立体及び位置選択性を制御するための基で,それを除くと,保護基の使用はゼロです。骨格構築が見事なので,関連化合物の合成にも応用できそうです。
This type of polyketide has a basic skeleton consisting of four fused six-membered rings. Ring A is aromatic and rings A, B and C are fused in a linear configuration with a bend at the junction of rings C and D. Due to the presence of two intramolecular ether bonds, grisemycin forms a cage-like molecule containing an internal bicyclo[2.2.2]octane skeleton with oxygen. The authors synthesised two components (a diene and a dienophile) containing the A ring and all other carbon atoms. They then constructed a rigid compound containing the C ring via an asymmetric intermolecular DA reaction. They then constructed the B ring via an intramolecular Friedel–Crafts reaction and the D ring via an intramolecular Barbier reaction, leading to the key intermediate. Finally, the bicyclic system was opened via E1cB elimination and the final product was obtained through intermolecular Michael addition of a thiol, backing to the bicyclic system via an intramolecular oxy-Michael reaction and functional group modification.
Although the hydroxyl group was protected with TMS and TIPS in the course, they were used to control stereoselectivity and regioselectivity, rather than for the traditional purpose. Excluding these, no other protecting groups were used in this route. Given the excellent framework construction, this approach appears applicable to the synthesis of related compounds as well.
Lasalocid acid A uploaded.
https://www.ohira-sum.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/jacs26-0249.pdf
過去の3つの全合成(1978年:岸 [34段階], 1983年:アイルランド[30段階],1993年:堀田,米光[40段階])を上回る効率性(11段階,全収率3.9%)で全合成を達したということです。鍵段階はテトラヒドロフラン環とテトラヒドロピラン環を効率よく結ぶ反応で,シロキシフラン(シリルエノールエーテル)のパイ-アリル錯体に対する位置および立体選択的な付加(C−グルコシル化)を種々検討し,実用的収率と選択性を得ています。さらにフラン環の非環状側鎖物質部分を伸長する際はシリルエノールエーテルとヘミアセタールの反応(C-グリコシル化,TMSOTf触媒)とシリルエノールエーテルとアルデヒドの反応(フェルキンアーン選択的アルドール反応,TiCl4触媒)を利用しており,鍵段階も含め,アルドール反応関連の変換法が駆使されています。
It is reported that a total synthesis was achieved in 11 steps with a total yield of 3.9%, which is more efficient than the three previous total syntheses (1978: Kishi [34 steps]; 1983: Ireland [30 steps]; and 1993: Hotta and Yonemitsu [40 steps]). The key step is the reaction that efficiently links the tetrahydrofuran and tetrahydropyran rings. The researchers investigated various approaches to the regioselective and stereoselective addition (C-glycosylation) of siloxyfuran (silyl enol ether) to a π-allyl complex, achieving practical yields and selectivity. To extend the non-cyclic side chain of the furan ring, the researchers utilised two reactions: silyl enol ethers reacted with hemiacetals in a TMSOTf-catalysed C-glycosylation reaction, and silyl enol ethers reacted with aldehydes in a TiCl₄-catalysed Felkin–Ahn selective aldol reaction. Thus, aldol-related transformations were efficiently exploited, including the key step.
Iso-Gladiolin uploaded.
https://www.ohira-sum.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/jacs26-9040.pdf
筆者らが開発していた,一級アルコールを基質とする不斉アリル化(2箇所)と不斉クロチル化(2箇所)を4つのフラグメント合成に適用し,ポリケチドマクロリドを初全合成しています。いずれの反応もイリジウムやルテニウム金属上で一級アルコールが酸化されてアルデヒドとなり,キラルな錯体内でアリル基が移動することにより,一挙に不斉2級アルコールが得られるという反応機構です。5モルパーセント程度の使用量で収率,eeとも優れ,イリジウム錯体については,回収,再利用も可能とのことです。アリル基もクロチル基もプロピオン酸基のシントンと考えられますから,キラル補助剤をもつプロピオン酸誘導体やアリル金属のアルデヒドへの不斉付加反応を基本とするポリケチドの合成と同様な戦略で逆合成できることになります。
11箇所で遷移金属触媒反応(2個所はワッカー酸化)を利用したと述べられています。
アリル化クロチル化以外のCC結合生成反応としては,アルドール反応(2箇所),鈴木カップリング(2箇所)の他,C1伸長反応として,ヒドロホルミル化,クロスメタセシス,ホウ素-ウイティヒ反応,ウィティヒ反応が使われています。
In their first total synthesis, the authors applied the asymmetric allylation and crotylation of primary alcohols—transformations they had developed—to the synthesis of four fragments of a polyketide macrolide. In both reactions, the mechanism involves oxidizing a primary alcohol to an aldehyde using iridium or ruthenium metal. Then, the allyl group migrates within a chiral complex, resulting in the formation of an asymmetric secondary alcohol in one pot. Excellent yields and ee values were obtained with a 5 mol% catalyst loading, and the iridium complexes can reportedly be recovered and reused. Since the allyl and crotyl groups can be considered propionic acid synthons, the polyketide can be retrosynthesized using a strategy based on the asymmetric addition of propionic acid derivatives bearing chiral auxiliaries or allyl metals to aldehydes.
The authors state that they utilized transition metal-catalyzed reactions (including two Wacker oxidations) at 11 points.
In addition to allylation and crotylation, other reactions used to form C–C bonds include aldol reactions (at two points) and Suzuki couplings (at two points). Furthermore, four C-1 extension reactions—hydroformylation, cross-metathesis, the boron-Wittig reaction, and the Wittig reaction—were employed.